Essay on History of the Prison System - 3187 Words

Prison is an institution for the confinement of persons convicted of criminal offenses. Throughout history, most societies have built places in which to hold persons accused of criminal acts pending some form of trial. The idea of confining persons after a trial as punishment for their crimes is relatively new. During the 15th century in Europe, the penalties for crimes were some form of corporal punishment like whippings for less serious crimes and execution or enslavement for more serious offenses. In early 16th century England, vagrants and petty offenders were committed to correctional institutions known as workhouses. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the government transported convicted felons to the†¦show more content†¦The first system began in Auburn State Prison in New York in 1817. Prisoners worked together in total silence during the day, but were housed separately at night. Strict discipline was enforced, and violators were subject to severe reprisals. The second model, the Pennsylvania system, begun in 1829 in the Eastern State Penitentiary at Cherry Hill, was based on solitary confinement for convicts by day and night. There was a lot of debate about the two systems. People who favored the Pennsylvania model focused on its hope of rehabilitation, the theory be ing that a felon alone in a cell with only a Bible to read would become penitent. This is where the term penitentiary came from. The Auburn system was criticized as being virtual slavery, because prisoners were often put to work for private entrepreneurs who had contracted with the state for their labor. Prisoners of the system were never paid leaving a good profit for the business owners and the state. People who believed in the Auburn system said that the idleness of the prisoners in the Cherry Hill penitentiary sometimes caused madness. The activity of the prisoners and the profits from their labor meant the state didnt have to finance the prison. Most states adopted the Auburn approach. European countries adopted the Pennsylvania model. Private business had always been opposed to the industrial Auburn model prison.Show MoreRelatedHistory Of The Prison System1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of the prison system in the US is very extensive and encompasses nine different eras which include the Penitentiary era, Mass Prison, Reformatory, Industrial, Punitive, Treatment, Community-based, Warehousing, and the Just-desert era. Each era had its own strength and weaknesses that influenced each subsequent era that came after. the idea of a prison system came about from the colonist desire for a more humane method of dealing with criminal offenders. It was a key move away from corporalRead MoreAmerican Prison System Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Prison Systems Introduction In many countries national prisons are operated and supplemented by provinces and state counterparts. 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Davis explores and critiques the current prison system. She researches and explains slavery, gender structure, the prison industrial complex . She argues th at prison are undemocratic because they areRead MoreHistory and Purposes of Prisons884 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Purpose of Penitentiaries Jeffrey Brown CJA234 July 7,2012 George Chavarria History and Purpose of Penitentiaries Crime has had an impact on society for years, and will continue to do so well into the future. The presence of criminals and criminal acts proved that there was and all ways will be a need for penitentiaries. Correctional facilities no matter if they are prisons, jails, or penitentiaries are all part of the criminal justice system. Their overall goal and objectiveRead MorePurpose and History of Punishment785 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose and History of Punishment The American society of punishment has been heavily based on British law, which has in turn grown from Western capital punishment and personal retribution. In the seventh century A.D. leaders in government have begun to realize that crimes harmed society. The government started becoming more involved in controlling crimes and punishment for the crimes being committed. To protect the citizens the leaders of the governing body assembled a set of laws that were passedRead MorePurpose and History Paper865 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose and History Norris R. Billingsley CJA 234 October 8, 2013 Yolonda Johnson Purpose and History In reference to the history of punishment for crimes, which date back as far as 450 B.C., some of the earliest methods of punishment are replaced by more efficient and humane methods of punishments or corrections. Punishments back then were harsher, brutal, and inhumane because people strongly believed in the retributive approach to crimes committed by individuals. Punishments such as whippingsRead MorePrisons : Prisons And Prisons1332 Words   |  6 PagesJails and Prisons Comparison Paper Throughout history, the general public often misinterprets the difference between jails and prisons. For long confinement terms, jails are not used to hold sentenced offenders. However, jails are the oldest of the correctional components. According to Seiter (2011), jails were initiated prior to halfway houses, parole, probation, or prisons. Also, jails hold various offenders such as those being held administratively for a criminal justice agency, waiting to transferRead MoreThe Prison System1048 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Exam Essay Question #2 Question: Discuss the history of the prison system in the United States. Be sure to identify the various stages that the American prison system has gone through. 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Supplier Relationships a Strategic Initiative Free Essays

string(35) " and networked computing are here\." Supplier Relationships: A Strategic Initiative Jagdish N. Sheth Goizueta Business School Emory University Arun Sharma University of Miami Jagdish N. Sheth is Charles H. We will write a custom essay sample on Supplier Relationships: a Strategic Initiative or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kellstadt Professor of Marketing, Emory Business School, Emory University and Arun Sharma is Associate Professor of Marketing, University of Miami. This paper extends research published by the authors in Industrial Marketing Management (March 1997). Please address correspondence to Arun Sharma, Department of Marketing, University of Miami, P. O. Box 248147, Coral Gables FL 33124, Telephone: (305) 284 1770, FAX: (305) 284 5326. Supplier Relationships: A Strategic Initiative* Abstract In an increasing competitive marketplace, firms are seeking new methods of enhancing competitive advantage. Today, purchasing is becoming a strategic function and a key factor in competitive positioning. This paper suggests that effective relationship with suppliers will provide firms with next-generational competitive advantage. With consolidation of firms within industries, continuos product evolution and constant pressure on costs, supplier relationships will become more critical in the future. This paper discusses the emergence of supplier relationships, and how this shift toward supplier relationships has and will change the role, processes and strategies of firms. Although purchasing has strategic importance within a firm, good relationships between customers and suppliers are elusive. Firms, therefore, need to emphasize aspects that will enhance supplier relationships. * This paper extends research published by the authors in Industrial Marketing Management (March 1997). Supplier Relationships: A Strategic Initiative Introduction Firms are facing increasingly competitive environments characterized by continuos pressure on costs, large global players, continuously evolving products, customer fragmentation and emerging technologies. To ensure success, firms realize that they cannot be experts in all businesses and are concentrating on their core competencies. As an example, Westinghouse is selling its power and defense lines to concentrate on the broadcasting business. To enhance their performance in non-core competency areas, companies are reevaluating business relationships so as to form closer relationships with strategic suppliers [1, 2, 3]. Firms have realized that collaborative business relationships improve a firm’s ability to respond to the new business environment by allowing them to focus on their core businesses and reduce costs in business processes. In an earlier paper, we had suggested that the source of next-generational competitive advantage will be collaborative relationships that firms have with their suppliers [4]. We suggested four reasons for this phenomena. First, marketers or sellers are driving this change as firms have started identifying and catering to the needs of specific customers. Thus, having a relationship with suppliers will enable firms to receive better service and therefore be more efficient in procurement. Second, firms recognize that supplier relationships will allow them to be more effective. It is easier to implement strategies such as quality platforms, if firms have relationships with their suppliers. Third, there are enabling technologies that allow firms to select their best customers and suppliers. Computer programs allow firms to calculate profitability Page 2 associated with each customer or supplier. Finally, competition and the growth of alliances are forcing firms to develop better supplier relationships to maintain a competitive edge. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that supplier partnerships will provide a strategic advantage to firms. This paper identifies the benefits of supplier partnerships and provides guidelines for future supplier partnering. Shift in Organizational Strategy The reason for the emerging emphasis on supplier relationships is the shift in organizational buying strategies [4]. Organizational purchasing strategies have been dramatically changing for four reasons (please see Figure 1). First, global competitiveness had made firms realize the competitive advantages of creating and managing supply chain relationships. Second, emergence of the Total Quality Management philosophy has encouraged â€Å"reverse marketing† starting with external customers and moving backward into procurement processes. For example, Demand Driven Manufacturing or flexible manufacturing and operations have been instituted in order to serve the diversity of demand with respect to form, place and time value to customers. The role of suppliers is critical in this regard. Third, industry restructuring through mergers, acquisitions and alliances on a global basis has reorganized the procurement function from a decentralized administrative function to a centralized strategic function. This is further intensified by outsourcing many support functions such as data processing, and human resources. Finally, uses of information technologies have restructured the buying philosophy, processes and platforms by allowing firms to share market information and use market information to schedule design and manufacturing of products better. Page 3 Fundamentally, the consequence of changing paradigms of organizational strategy is likely to result in a two dimensional shift as shown in Figure 2. Organizational purchasing strategy shifts from a transaction oriented to a relational oriented philosophy, and from a decentralized domestic sourcing to a centralized global sourcing process. Relationship with Suppliers As stated earlier, we suggest that developing relationship with suppliers will be critical for the effective functioning of firms. This trend is reflected in Table 1 that shows that large firms have substantially reduced their number of suppliers. This trend also suggests that some suppliers would be exclusive to firms. The primary reasons are that corporations are becoming leaner. The procurement function is becoming more centralized while the profit-and-loss (P) responsibility of firms is becoming less centralized. Business-unit heads are raising more questions about the way things are bought. And as vertically integrated companies – those that have complete internal capabilities and are self-sufficient – become relics and outsourcing of operations become a reality, more opportunities to partner with suppliers will arise. Taking advantage of these opportunities is increasingly important for several reasons: †¢ Declining market prices. Nobody expects prices to rise anymore. There is going to be a tighter squeeze on the margins of customer companies. They would like to get that margin reestablished by working with suppliers. †¢ Rising competitive intensity. With the restructuring of the world economy, the formation of the World Trade Organization, and greater economic integration within and between regions, global and regional consolidation is clearly taking place and resulting in greater Page 4 competition. Advanced technology enablers. Electronic commerce and networked computing are here. You read "Supplier Relationships: a Strategic Initiative" in category "Papers" Dramatically reduced cycle times are becoming an ordinary achievement. These require partnering with suppliers. †¢ Reverse marketing strategies. The traditional process flow – from R and sourcing to manufacturing, sal es and service – is becoming a thing of the past. Today, market-focused organizations are organizing into reverse marketing – starting with the end users. Partnering with suppliers is critical to this strategy. †¢ Strategic positioning. In the past, companies partnered primarily for operational efficiency (i. . , just-in-time procedures or zero-inventory models). Today, intense competition is coming from existing rivals, new entrants and the threat of substitutes. Partnering with suppliers is an increasingly important way of minimizing the competition’s negative impact on an industry. Example of Companies Benefitting from Supplier Relationships The major research regarding the advantage of supplier relationships comes from a study of the Japanese automotive component industry [5]. They found that the average length of the relationship between suppliers and buyers was 22 years. In addition, the major customer bought about half the output of the supplier firm. About 26% of the supplier’s development effort was devoted to a single customer. Competition was restricted to 2-4 other suppliers. Finally, the quality of delivered product was very good. The data would suggest that supplier relationship enhanced the design efforts of the buying company and reduced uncertainty and costs for the Page 5 supplier company. Eastman Kodak, Ford Motor Company, Levi Strauss, DuPont , McKesson and Bose corporation demonstrate that some savings can be achieved by supplier relationships [2]. These firms as well as examples of other firms using specific tactics to benefit from successful relationships are discussed next: Eastman Kodak Company: Eastman Kodak Company has outsourced its data and information processing system to IBM. Kodak has achieved substantial cost savings through reducing personnel, assets and capital expenditures in an area that is not its area of core competency. This shift toward asking data processing and systems management consultants to manage the information and data processing of a firm has accelerated as major firms such as Xerox and Ryder have outsourced their internal data processing systems. Ford Motor Company: Ford formed a relationship with one of their own clutch suppliers. Ford examined the production process of their supplier and was able to reduce the cost of the clutch by 20% benefitting both Ford and the clutch supplier. Similarly, based on their past experience with Donnelly, Honda picked Donnelly as an exterior mirror supplier, although Donnelly had no experience in the area [3]. Honda sent its engineers into Donnelly’s plant, and Honda and Donnelly engineers reorganized the plant and re engineered the product process. Sales are expected to be $60 million in 1997 and costs are expected to decline 2% annually benefitting both Honda and Donnelly. JC Penny and Levi Strauss: JC Penny and Levi Strauss are linked with an electronic Data Page 6 interchange (EDI) that allows Levi Strauss to obtain sales data. Levi Strauss obtains data on the exact size of jeans sold in individual stores. This data allows Levi Strauss to better plan the production process as well as better control inventory and delivery. This saving leads to a reduction in costs and prices benefitting both JC Penny and Levi Strauss. DuPont: Dupont has reduced the costs of each purchase transaction in the maintenance and repair supplies division from $120 to $16 by working with a smaller number of suppliers. DuPont selected one distributor in each region for a supplier relationship. They then implemented a paperless order, receipt and payment process. In addition to decreased costs of transaction, inventory at the maintenance and repair facilities were reduced by 50%. McKesson Drug Company: McKesson a major drug distributor, developed a relationship with Johnson and Johnson, one of their major suppliers. Through a joint computer system development effort, both firms receive data on inventory, point of sale, demand, and customer information. This has led to Johnson and Johnson providing better service to McKesson increasing the level of service that McKesson provides to its customers. Due to the success of the relationship, Johnson and Johnson has turned over a million dollars worth of business to McKesson. Bose Corporation: Bose corporation has attempted to eliminate both purchasers and salespeople by bringing suppliers into the manufacturing process. Suppliers have access to Bose’s data, employees and processes. They work with Bose’s engineers on present and future products. The Page 7 reduction in personnel reduces costs for both sides, and a direct contact between the user and producer enhances quality and innovation. Establishing and Maintaining Supplier Relationships Wilson [6] suggests that the majority of alliances fail. We feel that most of the problems are associated with the selection and maintaining of supplier relationships. We present research finding from academic research, USGAO [2] and our own experiences. In order to establish relationships, we suggest that firms be very selective in their criteria. In addition to the normal criteria of competency and quality, we suggest the following additional factors be taken into consideration: †¢ Trust and Commitment to Long-term Goals. Both suppliers and buyers need to demonstrate trust and commitment toward a long-term vision. Trust and commitment have been shown to be the major predictors of successful relationships. †¢ Mutual Benefit. The relationship should be of benefit to both the buyer and the seller. If the relationship has one-sided benefits, the relationship will not last. †¢ Top Management Support. Most successful relationships are associated with support from the top managers of a firm. As examples, the success of Walmart and Corning in forming relationships is because their CEOs have supported supplier relationships. Also, DuPont and Roadway Express have formed an Executive Board that meets at both companies to enhance their relationship [2]. †¢ Compatible Organizational Culture. The culture of firms should be compatible. This Page 8 uggests that they share common values and share common reward systems. A major relationship initiative between two telecommunication firms did not work because they did not share a common work philosophy. One firm was very intense, whereas the other firm was laid back. The relationship dissolved in six months. †¢ Sharing of Information. Relationships require sharing of information. The benefits of relationships arise from reducing the uncertainty associated with transaction oriented exchanges. Information increases certainty and reduces needless interaction. As an example, Bailey Controls, a manufacturer of control systems shares data with two of its main electronic distributors that has allowed Bailey to reduce inventory and costs [3]. †¢ Strong and Open Communications. Strong and open communications reduces misunderstanding and enhances the quality of relationships. Maintaining Successful Relationships The following aspects are regarded as important for the successful maintenance of relationships. †¢ Simple and Flexible Contract. Simple and flexible contracts enhance relationships as they are used as guides rather than specifying all contingencies. For example, when Kodak outsourced their computer support services to IBM, they used an eleven-page contract [2]. In contrast, typically simple business contracts run to about 30 pages. †¢ Intensive Management Involvement. Cross functional teams from both the supplier and buyer organizations that meet periodically to enhance their relationships. For example, Ford uses salespeople to provide suppliers with consumer feedback [2]. Page 9 †¢ Periodic Performance Monitoring. We have found that performance monitoring is critical for relationships. Suppliers also appreciate a formal performance evaluation method. As an example, Motorola evaluates and generates a score card for all of its suppliers [3]. The supplier’s next order is based on the supplier’s previous performance. Suppliers appreciate this knowledge and compete better. †¢ Internal Controls. It is intuitive but companies need to protect access and distribution of confidential information with rigorous internal controls. †¢ Problem Solving Procedures. Companies need to establish problem solving procedures that reduce conflicts or prevent conflicts. One of the simplest forms is frequent communication at all levels of the customer and supplier organization. Organizational Changes Need to Establish Supplier Relationships As stated earlier, as we traverse from a transaction and domestic orientation to a relationship and global orientation, firms will need to emphasize the development of relationship with suppliers. This emphasis of a relationship orientation toward suppliers will lead to an expertise in many aspects of business buying. These areas are highlighted in Figure 3, raised in our earlier paper [4] and discussed next. 1. Supplier as a Customer. As discussed earlier, there will be a thrust toward developing and maintaining relationship with customers. However, firms’ understanding in this area is very limited. Firms will need to develop commitment, trust and cooperation with their suppliers. Firms will need to invest in mutual goals, interdependence, structural bonds, adaptation, non Page 10 retrievable assets, shared technology and social bonds to ensure successful relationships [6]. 2. Cross-Functional Supplier Teams. Marketers have used interdisciplinary teams to contact and maintain relationships with their customers. As individual suppliers relationships become more important we expect a similar thrust toward cross-functional teams that are dedicated or focused on their key suppliers. The importance of individual suppliers is expected to increase because of the emergence of sourcing on a global and relational basis with a few key suppliers. Firms will need to change goals, reward structure and group norms of the purchasing function. 3. Does Partnering Pay? Firms will need to monitor the return on investment in establishing relationships with suppliers. Therefore, firms will need to develop a performance metric that analytically quantifies supplier relationship equity. We feel that supplier partnering with smaller share suppliers will not be economical. The cost-benefit analysis of supplier relationships should result in increased supplier selectivity. 4. Supply Experience Curves. Managing supplier relationships will not be an easy task. The task of managing relationships on a global basis will be more complex and not analogous to domestic supplier management as most business customers have realized. Therefore, in industries where supply function is a key strategic advantage, companies need to focus on creating core competency in supply side management and develop sharper experience curves. Page 11 5. Hub and Spokes Organization. We expect organizations to reduce the number of uppliers in each product or service category. In addition, re engineering has forced firms to out source internal activities. We expect the results of these two trends to lead to a hub and spoke organization in which one or two suppliers in each product or service category are the spokes and the procurement organization becomes the hub on a global basis. 6. Bo nding with Suppliers. Marketers, specifically those that practice relationship marketing have learned to bond with their customers. Bonding relates to the empathy that the marketing organizations feel toward their customer groups. With an increasing trend toward creating, managing, and enhancing ongoing relationships with suppliers on a global basis, organizations will have to invest in supplier bonding processes and philosophies. 7. Global Sourcing. We expect global sourcing to be a source of strategic advantage. While several global enterprises, especially in the automotive, high technology and the aerospace industries are establishing processes and platforms, it is still at an infancy stage of practice in other industries. Firms will have to develop expertise in global sourcing strategies as well as global logistics. . Cross-Culture Values. Firms will need to be more aware of cross-cultural values. These values may be in conflict with the firm’s present value system. As an example, firms in the US are accused of focusing on short-term profitability whereas firms in Japan are concerned about long-term positioning. Similarly, in some cultures, reciprocity is declared illegal and unethical Page 12 where as in other cultures it is the preferred way of doing business. What is considered as an agency fee in one country is recognized as a bribe, subject to prosecution under the anticorruption laws. Similarly, doing business with family members and politically connected individuals are presumed to provide a sense of trust and commitment in some cultures whereas it is considered as nepotism and unethical behavior in others. 9. Cross-National Rules. Firms will also have to learn about cross national rules. Specifically, the two tier regulations (one for domestic and the other for foreign enterprises) are common with respect to ownership, management control, and co-production practices in countries such as China. With the rise of nationalism in recent years, this has become a key issue for global enterprises such as McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, General Electric, and Enron, especially as they expand their market scope and supply scope in large emerging nations such as India, China, and Indonesia. 10. Services Procurement. As organizations out source more and more internal services, and as suppliers engage in providing value-added services to their customers, firms need to better understand and research services procurement. Additionally, as most advanced countries are services economies, services procurement will rise in prominence. Conclusions The paper examined the reasons for the emergence supplier relations as source of Page 13 competitive advantage. The paper discusses successful relationships, rules for developing relationships and concludes with organizational strategies that will enhance supplier relationships. Page 14 References 1. Napolitano, Lisa, Customer-Supplier Partnering; A Strategy Whose Time has Come, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 4 (Fall), 1-8 (1997). United States General Accounting Office, Partnerships: Customer-Supplier Relationships can be Improved through Partnering, Report Number 94-173, Washington, D. C. (1994). Magnet, Myron, The New Golden Rule of Business, Fortune, February 21, 60-64 (1994). Sheth, Jagdish N. , and Arun Sharma, Supplier Relationships: Emerging Issues and Challenges, Industrial Marketing Management, 26 (2), 91-100 (1997). Wasti, S Nazli, Jeffrey K. Liker, Risky business or competitive power? Supplier involvement in Japanese product design, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 14 (September), 337-55 (1997). Wilson, David T. , An Integrated Model of Buyer Seller Relationships, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23, 4, 335-45, (1995). Emshwiller, John R. Suppliers Struggle to Improve Quality as Big Firms Slash their Vendor Roles, Wall Street Journal, August 16, B1, (1991). 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Page 15 Table 1 Reduction in the Number of Suppliers Company Number of Suppliers Current Previous 5,000 10,000 9,000 10,000 1,800 22,000 520 7,500 Percentage Change 90. 00% 70. 00% 66. 66% 45. 00% 44. 44% 36. 36% 26. 92% 20. 00% Xerox Motorola Digital Equipment Ge neral Motors Ford Motor Texas Instruments Rainbird Allied-Signal Aerospace 500 3,000 3,000 5,500 1,000 14,000 380 6,000 Source: Emshwiller [7]. Page 16 Figure 1 Changing Paradigm of Organizational Purchasing Strategy Global Competitiveness Technology Enablers Changing Paradigms of Procurement TQM Philosophy Industry Restructuring Page 17 Figure 2 Shift in Organizational Purchasing Strategy Global Sourcing Changing Paradigms of Procurement Transaction Oriented Relationship Oriented Industry Restructuring Domestic Sourcing Page 18 Figure 3 Emerging Areas of Expertise in Supplier Relationships Service Procurement Supplier as a Customer Cross Functional Supplier Teams Cross-National Rules Partnering Cross Cultural Values Supply Experience Curve Global Sourcing Bonding with Suppliers Hub and Spoke Organization Page 19 How to cite Supplier Relationships: a Strategic Initiative, Papers

Economics Principles - Problems - and Policies

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Principles, Problems, and Policies. Answer: Introduction: The Bagels and Cream cheese are complementary goods. As demand for bagels rises, the demand for cream cheese will also increase and when demand for bagels falls the demand for cream cheese also declines. As the equilibrium price of cream cheese has risen the equilibrium quantity of bagels has fallen. This is because, as the price rises, the demand for cream cheese has fallen. Since, cheese cream and bagels are complementary goods, the demand for bagels will decline as well. The equilibrium quantity of bagels declined not because of the rise in price of flour but due to the rise in price of milk. Due to rise in price of milk, the cost of production of cream cheese has risen. The rise in cost of production will induce the producer to cut down the production of cream cheese. Therefore, there will be fall in supply as represented by the shift of S1 curve to S2 in panel (a). The fall in supply will lead to rise in price of cream cheese from P1 to P2. There will be a fall in demand for cheese due to price rise, as shown by the shift from Q1 to Q2. As demand for cream cheese declines, bagels demand will also fall from D1 to D2, as shown in panel (b). Fall in demand will lead to fall in equilibrium quantity of bagel, and quantity will from Q1 to Q2. Figure 1: Impact of price change on Complementary Goods Source: Created by Author When the government imposes price floor, it implies that price cannot be set below that level. If the price floor is imposed below the market clearing price, then through demand and supply mechanism price will reach at market clearing price. If the imposed flooring is set above the market clearing price, then market cannot attain equilibrium as price cannot fall below the level of price flooring. In such situation, demand for bagels will be less but there will be huge supply of it. Due to excess supply, the market will become inefficient. Due to high price of bagels, people will purchase less bagels so quantity demanded will decline. Therefore, there will a loss in the consumer surplus. On the other hand, as producer are getting high price, they will sell more and will earn high producer surplus by capturing a part of consumer surplus. However, some part of previous surplus of producers will be lost, because sellers have to forego some of its customers, who are not willing to buy bagels at high price. Social welfare is maximized when total surplus is maximised. However, due to price flooring, an amount of welfare is lost. This can be represented in the following diagram. Figure 2: Inefficiency of Price Flooring Source: Created by Author The triangle highlighted in red, is the portion that neither goes to consumers not to the producers. This is the deadweight loss to the society. Therefore, the total surplus is less in case of price flooring and it is inefficient outcome of the market. Boom- energy produces Horse-Energy Bars and Choco Bars. In order to understand, whether these products are complement of each other or substitutes, cross price elasticity of these goods has to be verified. Cross price elasticity implies how demand of one product changes due to change in price of another product. If the value of CPE is positive, then the products are substitute of each other. This implies that if price of Choco bar increases then demand for Horse-energy bar will increase. Moreover, if the magnitude is greater than one, then these products are close substitute of each other. If the value of CPE is negative, then the products are complements to each other. This implies that if the price of Choco bar increases, the demand for Horse-energy bar will decrease. If the magnitude is more than one, then these products are strongly complements to each other. If the CPE is zero, then it implies that there is no interdependence between these two products. In such case, there will be no change in the demand for Horse-energy bars due to change in price of Choco bars. References Rios, M.C, C.R. McConnell, and S.L. Brue, Economics: Principles, Problems, And Policies, 2013. Frank, R., Microeconomics And Behavior, 2014. Nicholson, W. and C. Snyder, Intermediate Microeconomics And Its Application, 2014.

Parables about the Kingdom of God Essay Example

Parables about the Kingdom of God Essay The Kingdom of God is like a light bulb in the room. The light is in the darkness. Even though you dont see it when it is switched off doesnt mean it is not there. It only takes one man to switch it on, but it brings light to the whole room and those in it.The Kingdom of God is like when you are taking a bus to Brighton. It doesnt matter from when or where you take it, or which seat you sit on. What matters is that it arrives at the right destination. It is the destination that counts.If Jesus were alive today he would tell a story like the ones above because a parable is a simple story about everyday life with a religious meaning.But why did Jesus use parables?Jesus was living 2000 years ago in Palestine. Jerusalem itself was only a small town. At that time the people were mostly farmers and fishermen. Simple people relied on these two professions to support their families; this for them was everyday life so they knew everything about fishing and farming. Jesus taught parables about everyday life so people to understand them. Jesus parables were simple stories easy to remember. Most people could not remember long stories in the bible or the Ten Commandments. Being about everyday life it was easy for people to relate to them. Jesus parables had a religious meaning about God and Gods Kingdom. Jesus never really told people the exact things that would happen with the coming of Gods Kingdom but used parables to teach and communicate to them. In Marks Gospel it is said that Jesus had an extraordinary personality and used miracles to grab peoples attention. Then he would tell them parables that would seem very simple and meaningless stories but in fact they had a hidden religious meaning about the Kingdom of God.Jesus used parables to get the message across to people and his disciples. Referring to Marks Gospel Jesus did not tell his disciples he was the Messiah. Neither did he tell them what the exact things about the Kingdom of God. For this he gave them clues and used parables. Sometimes the disciples would not understand the parables and Jesus would only explain it to them when they were alone. Jesus acknowledged he was the Messiah only after Peters Declaration. It was important that Jesus taught the 12 disciples who he was before word got out. He needed to keep the Messianic Secret from Jews, their leaders and the Romans.If he taught too publicly, he would have been arrested and killed. Jesus was arrested only four days after the Messianic Secret got out. It was important that Jesus taught the 12 disciples who he was before word got out. He needed to keep the Messianic Secret from Jews, their leaders and the Romans/Gentiles.If Jesus taught too publicly he would have been arrested and killed. The first time Jesus publicly accepted being the Messiah was the Entry in Jerusalem. Jesus was arrested just four days after the Entry in Jerusalem (the Messianic Secret was out). If he had said that he was the Messiah when he was baptised, the Jews w ould have arrested Jesus for Blasphemy; the Romans would have been displeased about it because they thought he was trying to form a Jewish Kingdom and drive them out. By teaching in parables Jesus was able to keep the Messianic Secret. He did three years of secret teaching before his death.The parables message was also simple and short. For example the Kingdom of God is open to children is the message of the parable Jesus blesses the children.What could it feel like to belong to the Kingdom of God?To belong to the Kingdom of God means being part of something holy and important. It is like living in one country but being from another. In this case its living in Earth but feeling that your heart and soul belong in Gods Kingdom. To belong to the Kingdom of God is being part of something special and being proud of it. It means to have a relationship with God, accepting God and obeying his rules.Marks Gospel is persuasive writing aimed to convince people that Jesus is Son of God. There a re 7 parables in Marks Gospel. In each one of them there is a message about the Kingdom of God.One parable is the parable of the Mustard Seed. In this parable the Mustard Seed represents the Kingdom of God. The Mustard seed grows into the biggest plant while the Kingdom of God into the biggest Kingdom of all. In this parable Jesus tells us that the Kingdom of God will start small and its hard to see at present but it will come and surely grow. Jesus also tells us that the coming of the Kingdom of God happens gradually, not overnight.Jesus also says that birds come and make their nests in the trees shade. This means that Gentiles will be included in the Kingdom of God. Another reference to this argument is given when Jesus goes to the temple, drives out all those who are buying and selling, and says: God said his temple will be the house of prayer for people of all nations. He includes people of all nations, not only Jews.Another parable is the parable of A Lamp under a Bowl. Here Je sus teaches that whatever is hidden will be brought out in the open. He says that you should not be ashamed of being in the Kingdom of God or to do what God wants you to.In Jesus blesses the children, we are informed that the Kingdom of God is open to children. Children are innocent, sincere and honest. They dont lie; solely express what they feel. That is why Jesus says that unless you receive the Kingdom of God like a child you will not enter it. You have to love God with truthfulness just like a child loves his parents. You should want the Kingdom of God sincerely, with all your heart and soul to enter it. Thats why Jesus explains this parable.No-one pours new wine into used wineskins, because the wine will burst the skins and both the wine and the skins will be ruined. Instead, new wine must be poured into fresh wineskins.- says Jesus in the parable of the Wineskins.The wineskins represent the laws of Judaism. The fact that Jesus said new wine must be put into fresh wineskins me ans that the Kingdom of God cannot be contained within the old laws of the Judaism. New laws must be made and a better religion formed. This is Christianity.In the parable of the Growing Seed just like its up to the farmer to scatter the seeds it is up to God to bring about the Kingdom of God. God allows the world to run on then brings about his Kingdom. Like the plant that starts life as a seed the Kingdom of God will start small but will surely grow. Like the growing of the seed the coming of the Kingdom of God happens gradually, and when the time comes we will all be judged by God.Another parable is the parable of the Sower. Like in other parables Jesus speaks here in metaphors. The sower sows Gods message. The sprouting of seeds represents the spreading of Gods Message. The seed are sprouted and sown everywhere so the Good News about the Kingdom of m God should be spread everywhere. Some will not listen, some will listen and forget it while some will give it up, but others will listen to the message and follow God. Despite seeds falling on paths and being eaten by birds, falling on rocky grounds and drying out, falling among thorn bushes and not producing any fruit there will be seeds that fall on good soil and produce fruit. Despite people giving up there will be those who will believe and the Kingdom of God will grow.MetaphorRepresentsCorn that fell on the path and is eaten by birds.People ruled by Satan that takes Gods Message away from them.Corn that fell on rocky grounds and dried out.People that give up Gods Message as soon as persecution and difficulties appear because of it.Corn that falls among bushes that was choked by thorn bushes and didnt produce fruit.People who hear Gods Message but worry, love and desires for this life makes them forget it.Corn that fell on good soil and produced fruit.People who hear the message, accept it and follow God.There were two roads to the fishing lake. One looked muddy and dangerous while the other looked in very good condition. Many passers took the first one while a few took the bad one. What the travellers did not know was that the good road took you got worse as you go and took you somewhere where there werent any fish. The good one got better and took you somewhere where there were plenty of fish to catch.The parable of the Tenants in the vineyard like the one above is allegory. An allegory is a special kind of parable. An allegory is like a code. To understand the allegory one must decipher the code. In this parable an owner lets out his vineyard to tenants. He sends slaves to collect his share when the time comes but the tenants beat some and kill others. At the end he sends his own son but the tenants kill him too. Then the owner returned, killed those tenants and let the vineyard to others.ComponentMeaningOwnerGodVineyardKingdom of GodFence/TowerStrict boundariesHarvestObedience to GodTenantsJews, especially Jew leadersSlavesProphetsSon of OwnerJesus Christ-MessiahDeath of SonCruci fixion of JesusOwner returns and ejects tenants.Jews expelled from the Kingdom of God.Owner gets new tenants.Kingdom of God handed over to Gentiles.God built the Kingdom of God for Jews. But to be included for in his Kingdom, Jews had to obey God. They didnt. God sent many prophets to get Jews to obey him but they wouldnt listen to them. Jews and their leaders showed disrespect, beat prophets, treated them shamefully and killed some of them. But even so, God didnt give up on Jews, and even when there was nobody else to send, God sent his own dear son Jesus, thinking and hoping that they would listen to him. Instead Jews crucified Jesus for telling the truth and spreading Gods message. Because of this God expelled Jews from his Kingdom and handed it over to Gentiles.The stone the builders rejected as worthless, turned out to be the most important one of all. Noone expected that a son born to a simple couple from Nazareth who later grew up to become a carpenter was the Son of God, the Messiah. The Jews were expecting the wrong kind of Messiah (a big powerful leader who would kick the Romans out and create a Jewish Kingdom). They were so blinded by this vision that they didnt recognise the real Messi8ah when he finally came, and crucified him.The new tenants represent the Gentile so when the vineyard is handed over to Gentiles means that the Kingdom of God is open to non-Jews.In this parable Jesus did two things:1) Informed us that the Kingdom of God is open to non-Jews.2) Predicted that the Messiah would be crucified.This Earth will never be Gods Kingdom.Yes, I agree with the statement that this Eart6h will never be Gods Kingdom. If Gods Kingdom is a place where people of all nations would live together in happiness then it will not be realised in Earth. There is far too much suffering in Earth to become a happy place.Everyday more teenagers turn to drugs and crime. Their family lives are broken. Many of them die, their parents feel they failed in educating and raising them, and have to bear the suffering of burying them.We have seen many deaths of innocent children in the last few years. The killers are getting younger. One example is the murder of Damilola Taylor. All who knew him say he was a gentle, friendly and loving boy. Yet muggers who had tried to take his money of him killed him on the way home. It is worse the fact that the muggers are all under 16. Police charged four boys under 16 with murder.People have been beaten by muggers trying to steal things as worthless as a mobile phone and have been killed by car thieves. A father of two was killed while trying to stop thieves stealing a relatives car, and a girl was shot by someone trying to mug her mobile phone. If she hadnt ducked she also would have been killed. Brixtons residents are afraid to go out at night. They fear of being attacked by drug users in the area. It is not safe for women to go out at night, as there is a possibility of them getting raped. There have been rape cases in England and throughout the world in which women have been left traumatised.The world is unbalanced. There are billionaires and people that live in simple shelters or in the streets who dont always get to eat. Hundreds of people die everyday in the streets of Britain and all other countries around the world. In third world countries men work for a small amount of money, just enough to supply their families basic needs. Countries fight each other when they know theres nothing to gain from it but suffering and death. Nuclear tensions have been rising. Recently there were the attacks to the World Trade Centre in New York by Muslim fundamentalists where around 3000 people lost their lives.If Earth is to become Gods Kingdom then why is it such a ruthless, unequal and dangerous place?Jesus teaches his disciples and us in Marks Gospel that if one of you wants to be great he must be the servant of the rest; and if one of you wants to be first he must be the slave of all. This tells us to love and respect each other. If people followed Jesus teaching to love, help and respect each individual there would not be killings, thefts, poverty or rapes. We would all live in happiness as humans.The Kingdom of God is proleptic. Proleptic means leap forward. The Kingdom of God has begun and it isnt yet fully realised. We are now living in the overlap period. We are living in this world but truly our hearts belong in another. This world was not designed perfectly. It is like a test to prepare us for the next one.Other people would disagree with me. They would point at all the good things happening in this world. They would indicate at the life cycle and how beautiful it is. They would denote at how flowers bloom in the Spring, how fruits are made in Autumn. The hot Summer that makes us head to the beaches, and the cold of Winter that keeps us in our homes. Theyd tell that nature and how life is adapted to the environment is beautiful. Theyd say that each season has its own beauty.But Nature itself can be cruel. We have seen cases of flooding where people have lost their houses, and sadly some even their lives.Some people would point at how people have helped others. Theyd point at those who have devoted their lives to the charities and how theses charities are supported by ordinary people. They point out at how people help each other in need and the money donations to help people in poor countries. Theyd say the Sun, the wind, the rain and the sea are all beautiful things but have become so ordinary that we dont notice them any more.These people would say that miracles happen. Theyd indicate at how cures have been found for deadly diseases. For example much smaller percentage of women die of breast cancer. They indicate how babies born prematurely have survived. Some months ago we had the case of the two girl twins that we joined together and were sharing the same organs. Doctors separated them, one died but the other survived. By pointing to the goo d things they would say that the earth could besome Gods Kingdom.I agree with them. The world is beautiful and it is wonderful to live in. But I feel that there is just too much suffering in this world. From my point of wiew God would make a fresh start with the human race, in a world where there would only be goodness and joy, not suffering or tears. Therefore my conclusion is that I must agree that this Earth will never be Gods Kingdom. Parables about the Kingdom of God Essay Example Parables about the Kingdom of God Essay The Kingdom of God is like a light bulb in the room. The light is in the darkness. Even though you dont see it when it is switched off doesnt mean it is not there. It only takes one man to switch it on, but it brings light to the whole room and those in it.The Kingdom of God is like when you are taking a bus to Brighton. It doesnt matter from when or where you take it, or which seat you sit on. What matters is that it arrives at the right destination. It is the destination that counts.If Jesus were alive today he would tell a story like the ones above because a parable is a simple story about everyday life with a religious meaning.But why did Jesus use parables?Jesus was living 2000 years ago in Palestine. Jerusalem itself was only a small town. At that time the people were mostly farmers and fishermen. Simple people relied on these two professions to support their families; this for them was everyday life so they knew everything about fishing and farming. Jesus taught parables about everyday life so people to understand them. Jesus parables were simple stories easy to remember. Most people could not remember long stories in the bible or the Ten Commandments. Being about everyday life it was easy for people to relate to them. Jesus parables had a religious meaning about God and Gods Kingdom. Jesus never really told people the exact things that would happen with the coming of Gods Kingdom but used parables to teach and communicate to them. In Marks Gospel it is said that Jesus had an extraordinary personality and used miracles to grab peoples attention. Then he would tell them parables that would seem very simple and meaningless stories but in fact they had a hidden religious meaning about the Kingdom of God.Jesus used parables to get the message across to people and his disciples. Referring to Marks Gospel Jesus did not tell his disciples he was the Messiah. Neither did he tell them what the exact things about the Kingdom of God. For this he gave them clues and used parables. Sometimes the disciples would not understand the parables and Jesus would only explain it to them when they were alone. Jesus acknowledged he was the Messiah only after Peters Declaration. It was important that Jesus taught the 12 disciples who he was before word got out. He needed to keep the Messianic Secret from Jews, their leaders and the Romans.If he taught too publicly, he would have been arrested and killed. Jesus was arrested only four days after the Messianic Secret got out. It was important that Jesus taught the 12 disciples who he was before word got out. He needed to keep the Messianic Secret from Jews, their leaders and the Romans/Gentiles.If Jesus taught too publicly he would have been arrested and killed. The first time Jesus publicly accepted being the Messiah was the Entry in Jerusalem. Jesus was arrested just four days after the Entry in Jerusalem (the Messianic Secret was out). If he had said that he was the Messiah when he was baptised, the Jews w ould have arrested Jesus for Blasphemy; the Romans would have been displeased about it because they thought he was trying to form a Jewish Kingdom and drive them out. By teaching in parables Jesus was able to keep the Messianic Secret. He did three years of secret teaching before his death.The parables message was also simple and short. For example the Kingdom of God is open to children is the message of the parable Jesus blesses the children.What could it feel like to belong to the Kingdom of God?To belong to the Kingdom of God means being part of something holy and important. It is like living in one country but being from another. In this case its living in Earth but feeling that your heart and soul belong in Gods Kingdom. To belong to the Kingdom of God is being part of something special and being proud of it. It means to have a relationship with God, accepting God and obeying his rules.Marks Gospel is persuasive writing aimed to convince people that Jesus is Son of God. There a re 7 parables in Marks Gospel. In each one of them there is a message about the Kingdom of God.One parable is the parable of the Mustard Seed. In this parable the Mustard Seed represents the Kingdom of God. The Mustard seed grows into the biggest plant while the Kingdom of God into the biggest Kingdom of all. In this parable Jesus tells us that the Kingdom of God will start small and its hard to see at present but it will come and surely grow. Jesus also tells us that the coming of the Kingdom of God happens gradually, not overnight.Jesus also says that birds come and make their nests in the trees shade. This means that Gentiles will be included in the Kingdom of God. Another reference to this argument is given when Jesus goes to the temple, drives out all those who are buying and selling, and says: God said his temple will be the house of prayer for people of all nations. He includes people of all nations, not only Jews.Another parable is the parable of A Lamp under a Bowl. Here Je sus teaches that whatever is hidden will be brought out in the open. He says that you should not be ashamed of being in the Kingdom of God or to do what God wants you to.In Jesus blesses the children, we are informed that the Kingdom of God is open to children. Children are innocent, sincere and honest. They dont lie; solely express what they feel. That is why Jesus says that unless you receive the Kingdom of God like a child you will not enter it. You have to love God with truthfulness just like a child loves his parents. You should want the Kingdom of God sincerely, with all your heart and soul to enter it. Thats why Jesus explains this parable.No-one pours new wine into used wineskins, because the wine will burst the skins and both the wine and the skins will be ruined. Instead, new wine must be poured into fresh wineskins.- says Jesus in the parable of the Wineskins.The wineskins represent the laws of Judaism. The fact that Jesus said new wine must be put into fresh wineskins me ans that the Kingdom of God cannot be contained within the old laws of the Judaism. New laws must be made and a better religion formed. This is Christianity.In the parable of the Growing Seed just like its up to the farmer to scatter the seeds it is up to God to bring about the Kingdom of God. God allows the world to run on then brings about his Kingdom. Like the plant that starts life as a seed the Kingdom of God will start small but will surely grow. Like the growing of the seed the coming of the Kingdom of God happens gradually, and when the time comes we will all be judged by God.Another parable is the parable of the Sower. Like in other parables Jesus speaks here in metaphors. The sower sows Gods message. The sprouting of seeds represents the spreading of Gods Message. The seed are sprouted and sown everywhere so the Good News about the Kingdom of m God should be spread everywhere. Some will not listen, some will listen and forget it while some will give it up, but others will listen to the message and follow God. Despite seeds falling on paths and being eaten by birds, falling on rocky grounds and drying out, falling among thorn bushes and not producing any fruit there will be seeds that fall on good soil and produce fruit. Despite people giving up there will be those who will believe and the Kingdom of God will grow.MetaphorRepresentsCorn that fell on the path and is eaten by birds.People ruled by Satan that takes Gods Message away from them.Corn that fell on rocky grounds and dried out.People that give up Gods Message as soon as persecution and difficulties appear because of it.Corn that falls among bushes that was choked by thorn bushes and didnt produce fruit.People who hear Gods Message but worry, love and desires for this life makes them forget it.Corn that fell on good soil and produced fruit.People who hear the message, accept it and follow God.There were two roads to the fishing lake. One looked muddy and dangerous while the other looked in very good condition. Many passers took the first one while a few took the bad one. What the travellers did not know was that the good road took you got worse as you go and took you somewhere where there werent any fish. The good one got better and took you somewhere where there were plenty of fish to catch.The parable of the Tenants in the vineyard like the one above is allegory. An allegory is a special kind of parable. An allegory is like a code. To understand the allegory one must decipher the code. In this parable an owner lets out his vineyard to tenants. He sends slaves to collect his share when the time comes but the tenants beat some and kill others. At the end he sends his own son but the tenants kill him too. Then the owner returned, killed those tenants and let the vineyard to others.ComponentMeaningOwnerGodVineyardKingdom of GodFence/TowerStrict boundariesHarvestObedience to GodTenantsJews, especially Jew leadersSlavesProphetsSon of OwnerJesus Christ-MessiahDeath of SonCruci fixion of JesusOwner returns and ejects tenants.Jews expelled from the Kingdom of God.Owner gets new tenants.Kingdom of God handed over to Gentiles.God built the Kingdom of God for Jews. But to be included for in his Kingdom, Jews had to obey God. They didnt. God sent many prophets to get Jews to obey him but they wouldnt listen to them. Jews and their leaders showed disrespect, beat prophets, treated them shamefully and killed some of them. But even so, God didnt give up on Jews, and even when there was nobody else to send, God sent his own dear son Jesus, thinking and hoping that they would listen to him. Instead Jews crucified Jesus for telling the truth and spreading Gods message. Because of this God expelled Jews from his Kingdom and handed it over to Gentiles.The stone the builders rejected as worthless, turned out to be the most important one of all. Noone expected that a son born to a simple couple from Nazareth who later grew up to become a carpenter was the Son of God, the Messiah. The Jews were expecting the wrong kind of Messiah (a big powerful leader who would kick the Romans out and create a Jewish Kingdom). They were so blinded by this vision that they didnt recognise the real Messi8ah when he finally came, and crucified him.The new tenants represent the Gentile so when the vineyard is handed over to Gentiles means that the Kingdom of God is open to non-Jews.In this parable Jesus did two things:1) Informed us that the Kingdom of God is open to non-Jews.2) Predicted that the Messiah would be crucified.This Earth will never be Gods Kingdom.Yes, I agree with the statement that this Eart6h will never be Gods Kingdom. If Gods Kingdom is a place where people of all nations would live together in happiness then it will not be realised in Earth. There is far too much suffering in Earth to become a happy place.Everyday more teenagers turn to drugs and crime. Their family lives are broken. Many of them die, their parents feel they failed in educating and raising them, and have to bear the suffering of burying them.We have seen many deaths of innocent children in the last few years. The killers are getting younger. One example is the murder of Damilola Taylor. All who knew him say he was a gentle, friendly and loving boy. Yet muggers who had tried to take his money of him killed him on the way home. It is worse the fact that the muggers are all under 16. Police charged four boys under 16 with murder.People have been beaten by muggers trying to steal things as worthless as a mobile phone and have been killed by car thieves. A father of two was killed while trying to stop thieves stealing a relatives car, and a girl was shot by someone trying to mug her mobile phone. If she hadnt ducked she also would have been killed. Brixtons residents are afraid to go out at night. They fear of being attacked by drug users in the area. It is not safe for women to go out at night, as there is a possibility of them getting raped. There have been rape cases in England and throughout the world in which women have been left traumatised.The world is unbalanced. There are billionaires and people that live in simple shelters or in the streets who dont always get to eat. Hundreds of people die everyday in the streets of Britain and all other countries around the world. In third world countries men work for a small amount of money, just enough to supply their families basic needs. Countries fight each other when they know theres nothing to gain from it but suffering and death. Nuclear tensions have been rising. Recently there were the attacks to the World Trade Centre in New York by Muslim fundamentalists where around 3000 people lost their lives.If Earth is to become Gods Kingdom then why is it such a ruthless, unequal and dangerous place?Jesus teaches his disciples and us in Marks Gospel that if one of you wants to be great he must be the servant of the rest; and if one of you wants to be first he must be the slave of all. This tells us to love and respect each other. If people followed Jesus teaching to love, help and respect each individual there would not be killings, thefts, poverty or rapes. We would all live in happiness as humans.The Kingdom of God is proleptic. Proleptic means leap forward. The Kingdom of God has begun and it isnt yet fully realised. We are now living in the overlap period. We are living in this world but truly our hearts belong in another. This world was not designed perfectly. It is like a test to prepare us for the next one.Other people would disagree with me. They would point at all the good things happening in this world. They would indicate at the life cycle and how beautiful it is. They would denote at how flowers bloom in the Spring, how fruits are made in Autumn. The hot Summer that makes us head to the beaches, and the cold of Winter that keeps us in our homes. Theyd tell that nature and how life is adapted to the environment is beautiful. Theyd say that each season has its own beauty.But Nature itself can be cruel. We have seen cases of flooding where people have lost their houses, and sadly some even their lives.Some people would point at how people have helped others. Theyd point at those who have devoted their lives to the charities and how theses charities are supported by ordinary people. They point out at how people help each other in need and the money donations to help people in poor countries. Theyd say the Sun, the wind, the rain and the sea are all beautiful things but have become so ordinary that we dont notice them any more.These people would say that miracles happen. Theyd indicate at how cures have been found for deadly diseases. For example much smaller percentage of women die of breast cancer. They indicate how babies born prematurely have survived. Some months ago we had the case of the two girl twins that we joined together and were sharing the same organs. Doctors separated them, one died but the other survived. By pointing to the goo d things they would say that the earth could besome Gods Kingdom.I agree with them. The world is beautiful and it is wonderful to live in. But I feel that there is just too much suffering in this world. From my point of wiew God would make a fresh start with the human race, in a world where there would only be goodness and joy, not suffering or tears. Therefore my conclusion is that I must agree that this Earth will never be Gods Kingdom.

The Battle of Tippecanoe in Tecumsehs War

The Battle of Tippecanoe in Tecumseh's War The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought November 7, 1811, during Tecumsehs War. In the early 19th century, Native American tribes sought to oppose American expansion into the Old Northwest Territory. Led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, the Native Americans began to assemble a force to oppose the settlers. In an effort to prevent this, the Governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, marched out with a force of around 1,000 men to disperse Tecumsehs men. As Tecumseh was away recruiting, command of the Native American forces fell to his brother Tenskwatawa. A spiritual leader known as The Prophet, he ordered his men to attack Harrisons army as it encamped along Burnett Creek. In the resulting Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrisons men were victorious and Tenskwatawas forces were shattered. The defeat resulted in a severe setback for Tecumsehs efforts to unite the tribes. Background In the wake of the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne which saw 3,000,000 acres of land transferred from the Native Americans to the United States, the Shawnee leader Tecumseh began a rise to prominence. Angry over the treatys terms, he revived the idea that Native American land was owned in common by all the tribes and could not be sold without each giving their consent. This idea had previously been used by Blue Jacket prior to his defeat by Major General Anthony Wayne at Fallen Timbers in 1794. Lacking the resources to directly confront the United States, Tecumseh began a campaign of intimidation among the tribes to ensure that the treaty was not put into effect and worked to recruit men to his cause. While Tecumseh was endeavoring to build support, his brother Tenskwatawa, known as The Prophet, had begun a religious movement which stressed a return to the old ways. Based at Prophetstown, near the confluence of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, he began garnering support from across the Old Northwest. In 1810, Tecumseh met with the Governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, to demand that the treaty be declared illegitimate. Refusing these demands, Harrison stated that each tribe had the right to treat separately with the United States. Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Public Domain Tecumseh Prepares Making good on this threat, Tecumseh began secretly accepting aid from the British in Canada and promised an alliance if hostilities broke out between Britain and the United States. In August 1811, Tecumseh again met with Harrison at Vincennes. Though promising that he and his brother sought only peace, Tecumseh departed unhappy and Tenskwatawa began gathering forces at Prophetstown. Traveling south, he began seeking assistance from the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) of the Southeast and encouraged them to join his confederacy against the United States. While most rejected his requests, his agitation ultimately led to a faction of the Creeks, known as the Red Sticks, commencing hostilities in 1813. Harrison Advances In the wake of his meeting with Tecumseh, Harrison traveled to Kentucky on business leaving his secretary, John Gibson, at Vincennes as acting-governor. Utilizing his connections among the Native Americans, Gibson soon learned that forces were gathering at Prophetstown. Calling out the militia, Gibson sent letters to Harrison urging his immediate return. By mid-September, Harrison had returned along with elements of the 4th US Infantry and support from the Madison Administration for conducting a show of force in the region. Forming his army at Maria Creek near Vincennes, Harrisons total force numbered around 1,000 men. Moving north, Harrison encamped at present-day Terre Haute on October 3 to await supplies. While there, his men constructed Fort Harrison but were prevented from foraging by Native American raids which began on 10. Finally re-supplied via the Wabash River on October 28, Harrison resumed his advance the next day. Tenskwatawa, The Prophet. Public Domain Nearing Prophetstown on November 6, Harrisons army encountered a messenger from Tenskwatawa who requested a ceasefire and a meeting the next day. Wary of Tenskwatawas intentions, Harrison accepted, but moved his men onto a hill near an old Catholic mission. A strong position, the hill was bordered by Burnett Creek on the west and a steep bluff to the east. Though he ordered his men to camp in a rectangular battle formation, Harrison did not instruct them to build fortifications and instead trusted to the strength of the terrain. While the militia formed the main lines, Harrison retained the regulars as well as Major Joseph Hamilton Daveiss and Captain Benjamin Parkes dragoons as his reserve. At Prophetstown, Tenskwatawas followers began fortifying the village while their leader determined a course of action. While the Winnebago agitated for an attack, Tenskwatawa consulted the spirits and decided launch a raid designed to kill Harrison. Armies Commanders: Americans General William Henry Harrisonapprox. 1,000 men Native Americans Tenskwatawa500-700 men Casualties Americans - 188 (62 killed, 126 wounded)Native Americans - 106-130 (36-50 killed, 70-80 wounded) Tenskwatawa Attacks Casting spells to protect his warriors, Tenskwatawa sent his men to the American camp with the goal of reaching Harrisons tent. The attempt on Harrisons life was guided by an African-American wagon-driver named Ben who had defected to the Shawnees. Approaching the American lines, he was captured by American sentries. Despite this failure, Tenskwatawas warriors did not withdraw and around 4:30 AM on November 7, they launched an attack on Harrisons men. Benefiting from orders given by the officer of the day, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Bartholomew, that they sleep with their weapons loaded, the Americans quickly responded to the approaching threat. After a minor diversion against the north end of the camp, the main assault struck the south end which was held by an Indiana militia unit known as the Yellow Jackets. Standing Strong Shortly after the fighting began, their commander, Captain Spier Spencer, was struck in the head and killed followed by two of his lieutenants. Leaderless and with their small caliber rifles having difficulty in stopping the onrushing Native Americans, the Yellow Jackets began falling back. Alerted to the danger, Harrison dispatched two companies of regulars, who, with Bartholomew in the lead, charged into the approaching enemy. Pushing them back, the regulars, along with the Yellow Jackets, sealed the breach (Map). A second assault came a short time later and struck both the northern and southern parts of the camp. The reinforced line in the south held, while a charge from Daveiss dragoons broke the back of the northern attack. In the course of this action, Daveiss fell mortally wounded . For over an hour Harrisons men held off the Native Americans. Running low on ammunition and with the rising sun revealing their inferior numbers, the warriors began retreating back to Prophetstown. A final charge from the dragoons drove off the last of the attackers. Fearing that Tecumseh would return with reinforcements, Harrison spent the remainder of the day fortifying the camp. At Prophetstown, Tenskwatawa was accosted by his warriors who stated that his magic had not protected them. Imploring them to make a second attack, all of Tenskwatawas pleas were refused. On November 8, a detachment of Harrisons army arrived at Prophetstown and found it abandoned except for a sick old woman. While the woman was spared, Harrison directed that the town be burned and any cooking implements be destroyed. Additionally, everything of value, including 5,000 bushels of corn and beans, was confiscated. Aftermath A victory for Harrison, Tippecanoe saw his army suffer 62 killed and 126 wounded. While casualties for Tenskwatawas smaller attacking force are not known with precision, it is estimated that they suffered 36-50 killed and 70-80 wounded. The defeat was a serious blow to Tecumsehs efforts to build a confederacy against the United States and the loss damaged Tenskwatawas reputation. Tecumseh remained an active threat until 1813 when he fell fighting against Harrisons army at the Battle of the Thames. On the larger stage, the Battle of Tippecanoe further fueled the tensions between Britain and the United States as many Americans blamed the British for inciting the tribes to violence. These tensions came to a head in June 1812 with the outbreak of the War of 1812.

How to Make Marketing Employee Performance Reviews Easy (Templates)

How to Make Marketing Employee Performance Reviews Easy (Templates) No one enjoys doing employee performance reviews. They’re often slightly uncomfortable conversations, and even in a best-case scenario, everyone involved feels relieved when they’re done. That isn’t exactly a ringing endorsement for their value, necessity, or how we feel about them. However, they are valuable, they are necessary, and when conducted with a thoughtful process, they can be something you approach with less anxiety. When you can repeat that process effectively with consistent results, you can spend less time planning for reviews, and more time working through them efficiently with the results  you want. In this post, you’ll learn: Why are performance reviews important for marketing managers and teams? What steps should they include and which questions should be asked? How can marketing teams develop a repeatable review process that works? Best of all, this is the actual process the team  uses, which has been time-tested and shown to work well. In other words, this post is geared specifically toward what marketing managers need to know most about this topic. Be a Better Manager With Free Performance Review + Evaluation Form Templates.Be a Better Manager With Free Performance Review + Evaluation Form Templates Employee reviews don’t need to be overly complex. However, you will need to keep documentation of your conversation so you have something to reference in the future, to ensure the important details of the review aren’t forgotten later. Youll also need to accurately evaluate performance before going into each meeting. To get started, download these two templates: Marketing Performance Evaluation Form (Word): Answer six simple questions to gauge performance. Marketing Employee Performance Review Template (Word): Then, use this sheet to document the meeting. Both are short and simple to streamline the process effectively. Grab them quick before moving on:How Can Help Evaluate Team Productivity? As a marketing project management platform, is purpose-built for managing busy marketing teams. That includes your tasks and workflows for all projects and making sure everyone is getting their stuff done on time. One way measures that last item is with Team Performance Reports. It measures who’s rocking it and who’s falling behind so you can actually know who’s hitting their deadlines. Here's a quick look at how it works: What Exactly is an Employee Performance Review? Here’s a short definition this post will work with: An employee performance review is an opportunity for team members and managers to assess what’s going well, what isn’t going well, and what’s necessary for future success with a company or organization. There are a few things to note about this definition: It shouldn’t feel like an interrogation. A good review shouldn’t focus solely on negatives. They aren’t one-and-done meetings. Feedback gathered in a review should be considered and implemented throughout the year. This should be a two-way conversation. They aren’t just about assessing the team member’s performance; they’re also an opportunity to get the employee’s take on how they’re doing and how the company is doing, too. Recommended Reading: The Best Way to Plan a Successful Marketing Performance Management Process What Are the Benefits to Running Employee Reviews for Marketers? First things first, it’s important to understand that these meetings are more than just an annual requirement that you have to fulfill to keep HR happy. Here are a few reasons why they shouldn’t be blown off or phoned in without careful consideration for their purpose. Your team members need an honest assessment of their performance. If they don’t know how they’re doing (positively or negatively) or where they need to improve, they’re unlikely to reach their potential. You need to know what your team members need to succeed. Likewise, you can’t help your team achieve success unless you understand what they need from you. If you don’t set up employees for success, someone else will (when they leave your company). The market for marketing talent is tight. Don’t let people leave because they didn’t feel supported. Help Your Team, Help Your Company (Before They Leave) As a case in point, according to Smart Insights, 54.9% of marketers switch companies in order to find a new challenge. Why not provide that challenge for them instead of leaving them to find it somewhere else? And if that statistic doesn’t have you convinced, these might: Who Should Be in an Employee Review Meeting? In most cases, a marketing manager, their supervisor(s), and the employee themselves should be sufficient. If possible, including the CEO too is a good idea (at , CEO Garrett Moon offers direct feedback to each employee in the company during reviews). Then, once the review is completed, human resources will likely need to approve review paperwork (and any pay raises the team member might be due). Work with your HR department if you’re unsure what your internal processes are there. How Often Should Reviews Be Conducted? Here’s a common misconception: staff reviews are a once-a-year deal where you get all your feedback out at once. This could not be more incorrect, but unfortunately, it’s a common attitude (particularly at large companies where one-on-one communication might be challenging to schedule, or just doesn’t happen organically). So, how often should feedback be scheduled? Consider the following: Weekly syncs: Set up a recurring one-on-one meeting with each team member to check in on how things are going. Quarterly check-ins: Then, schedule quarterly meetings to review how things have gone year-to-date and what’s needed for success over the long term. Annual reviews: Finally, these are holistic performance evaluations that take the entire previous year into consideration. For marketers, ongoing mentorship with leadership is invaluable for development. Also, this post will stress this point multiple times: an annual review should not be the first time an employee hears a given piece of feedback. This is a sign they don’t feel like they can be open and honest with how things are going outside of times allotted for feedback, and that’s corrosive for everyone’s productivity and happiness at work. Recommended Reading: 6 Things You Need To Know About Marketing Management (+ 4 Free Templates) Scheduling Your Review Meetings The best way to make sure your review meetings actually happen is to schedule them on a regular basis. Schedule the following using your company’s shared Google or Outlook calendar: Weekly meetings: Stick to a set time each week. Quarterly reviews: Stick as closely to a 90-day window as you can. Annual reviews: Same as with quarterly reviews, they should be close to their start date each year. Map these all out in advance so they don’t catch anyone off guard. If you’re a customer and use Google Calendar, you can even sync your calendar with with Zapier, so they’ll appear alongside all your other projects. Evaluating Employees Prior to Your Meetings Before heading into a review, you’ll need to know for yourself what you honestly think about each employee’s performance, both in terms of what they’re doing well and where they can improve. It can help to have some sort of checklist to run through when assessing each team member, especially if you have a large team. In order to keep your meetings focused and conversational, do this before meeting face to face. Here’s an outline of a checklist you can use: Does the team member demonstrate high level of job knowledge? Does the team member complete work accurately and on time? Does the team member work well with others? Does the team member communicate effectively? Does the team member demonstrate initiative? Does the team member consistent show up to work on time? These are basic performance-oriented questions you’ll need to assess, and running through them as an exercise might help you identify strengths and areas in need of improvement. If you’d prefer this in a Word doc, there’s one included in this post’s template bundle. You can jump back up to the top of the post here to download it quick. Here's what it looks like: Planning Your Review Questions Once you’re face-to-face for a review, what should you ask? It might be tempting to prepare a detailed list of questions to dig deep into the needs of your team members. That might work. After all, it stands to reason that more granular questions will get more detailed answers, right? Well, you might be able to have a more productive and insightful conversation by keeping your questions simple. There are only three you really need to ask: What’s going well? This can be an open-ended discussion around what’s going right for the employee, their work, and the company. What isn’t going well? Same as above, but for things that need improvement. What’s needed for a successful future? What should the employee keep doing? What should they change? And likewise, is there anything you or the company may need to consider as well? Generally, it’s best to keep this an open-ended conversation. But, as that conversation moves forward, how do you make sure it stays on track and the words you choose to maintain a productive tone?

Risk management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk management - Coursework Example It is for this reason that many organisations, especially corporate, have embraced the concept of risk management and are consequently developing capabilities to address it. A capable risk management structure is able to provide and maintain an organisation’s internal control and improve corporate governance. The commonwealth of Australia agrees that governance can be improved by managing risks effectively (Australian agency for international development [AusAID], 2005). Development of risk management capability also results in formulation of comprehensive enterprise risk management systems, which has been realised over time, contributes to the achievement of organisational goals (Casualty Actuarial Society [CAS], 2003). However, many organisations face various challenges in developing risk management capability, some of which will be discussed here. Since risks are inherent in all corporations in today’s dynamic world, the management has the mandate to overcome these c hallenges and ensure capable risk management structures are put in place to address organisational risks. Reasons for developing risk management capability Risk management capability is a means of providing internal control. Internal control and risk management are largely symbiotic concepts. ... In the context of ensuring an organisation meets its objectives, effective internal control utilizes risk management to cushions the organisation against external risks as well as protects it against risks generated from within the organisation that, if uncontrolled, would lead to the downfall of the organisation. According to the AusAID (2005), the benefits of risk management are manifold and traverse strategic, operational and technical levels of management. The AusAID (2005) notes that risk management systems inform and communicate the risks that a firm faces to the strategic management thereby enabling it to make effective plans to deal with potential risks and in so doing, avoid the huge expenses associated with tackling risk consequences and ultimately ensure better organisational performance. Similarly, technical operations utilize risk management knowledge to put in place measures to mitigate against risks and therefore activities run smoother and more effectively produce des ired outcomes. The AusAID (2005) further states that the internal control afforded by risk management capability helps the organisation minimize unwanted surprises (risks) by ensuring effective and efficient operations, proper financial accountability and reporting, and compliance with laws and regulations. This review therefore shows that risk management is crucial in the attainment of internal control’s goals. The continued existence of an organisation demands that it balances its external and internal environments. Gupta (2009) explains that the external environment comprises of entities that can affect the operations of an organisation yet are not

Company logistic analysis and drawbacks and recomendation Research Proposal

Company logistic analysis and drawbacks and recomendation - Research Proposal Example The company is listed on the New York stock exchange and in the doe Jones. The company enjoys good revenue. In the finical year of 2011, the company made a profit of 3.9 billion and their gross sales were up to 70.4 billion. The company’s stocks enjoy good ratings and trading in the stock exchange. The dividends paid for the stocks are good and shareholders enjoy many benefits that come with the strength of the stocks (Burritt). In the year 2010, home depot bought a portable device technology. This technology is aimed at easing the process of stocking shelves. It also allows them to keep an eye on customers no matter which part of the store they are in. this has helped a lot in improving customer service. The company is an all rounded company. This is because when customers have money, it allows them to do home improvements more often. This stocking technology has allowed home depot to make huge profits. This technology helps them in knowing which products have been lifted fro m the shelves and need replacement. Because of the positive feedback that they are receiving because of this technology, it is safe to assume that they will invest more in these types of technology. The company is also searching for new technology that will help them stock their shelves better. Factors Leading to its Success Home Depot is aiming at serving customers better. They want to improve customer’s satisfaction so that they can get more revenue in sales. Some of the measures that home depot has undertaken so as to improve their services are, Customer service – continued focus on customer service is driven by philosophies of making an emotive link with the customer. These philosophies are putting the customer first and making the business simple. Home depot has opened new call centers in Utah and Georgia simply to have a more personalized connection with the customers. All these centers have been opened in the last financial year. This has played a major role in increasing the earnings and profit margins for the company. In additions, new wits such as the new arrangement system for secondary and centralized return to seller process has more than 57% of all labor hours dedicated to customer services and by the end of the financial year of 2013 the labor hours will have reached 60%. In addition, other measures will be put in place to ensure complete customer satisfaction. This will lead to increased sales bringing the stock price to a higher price. This will put the stocks in a better position than the previous year. Product authority – focus on product expertise is enabled by selling transformation and a collection of strategies, which are aimed at delivering product novelty, variety and worth. In extension of this approach, new merchandise and importance for both our expertise and D-I-Y client in a variety of divisions are the focus of the approach. In addition, expansion of showrooms to accommodate more products especially the Elect rolux, whirlpool and Frigidaire will help in helping these brands to move and reach more consumers. This is because of the exposure that these brands will have on the open market. Controlled capital distribution, efficiency and competence – the tactic to driving productivity and effectiveness is advanced through nonstop operational upgrading, incremental supply chain welfares, disciplined money distributions and expenditure control. Also building shareholder worth through complex

Vulnerable Population Essay Example for Free

Vulnerable Population Essay The vulnerable populations are people who are or may be in need of community care services because of their age, disability or illness and who are or may be unable to take good care of themselves or are unable to protect themselves from the significant exploitation or harm. Those who can be classified as vulnerable includes people undergoing the chemotherapy or living with HIV/AIDS, the children and infants, the frail elderly, the transplant patients, pregnant women and their fetuses. The vulnerable population people undergo several types of abuses which includes the physical abuse through hitting, pushing, shaking over medication or otherwise causing the physical harm, sexual abuse, which is unwanted touching, kissing or sexual activity or a situation where the vulnerable person cannot or does not give their consent, psychological abuse, which includes verbal abuse, humiliation, bullying or using threats, financial abuse which includes the illegal or the improper use of the persons money, property taking advantage of his/her present nature, neglect which is the repeated deprivation of the help or the care that a vulnerable person needs, and if withdrawn will cause him/her to suffer, institutional abuse which is the abuse , neglect and withdrawal of the rights or continually poor care in a care home setting and discriminatory abuse which includes the racist or sexist abuse and abuse based on the person’s disability and the other forms of harassment, slurs o r similar treatment. There are many barriers that are resulting to the decreasing disparity in a vulnerable population. The general population tends to assume the vulnerable population to a point of not being interested to know about their needs and what they are undergoing through. There is widespread ignorance among the people that they forget that the vulnerable population needs care and attention like any other normal person could. There is always little funding from the budget allocations by the government to cater for needs of the vulnerable population. The little funds which are set aside for them and on many occasions it has been misappropriated thus not benefiting the vulnerable. There has hasn’t been good policies that are to set the proper guidelines that are meant to put in place to protect the health needs of the vulnerable population. Most governments have not been keen to implement the good policies that are to benefit the vulnerable groups. The health facilities and services that are supposed to cater for the needs of the vulnerable population are poorly managed and at times the services which are supposed to be provided are not there or they are offered poorly may be because of the poor equipments or low moral of the workers. At work place there a presence of barriers in understanding the vulnerability. There are fellow workmates who are disabled and need care and attention of other workmates at some time. Some workmates do not care about them. Infact some complain that they are a burden because they interrupt their work and often abuse and a talk negatively about them when they are not in the office. People have not been sensitized fully to understand what vulnerability means and what it takes to be among the group and what the other people who are not like them are supposed to do to safeguard their well being. These people w should be well taken care of because they are part and parcel of the other active population. People at the workplace do not see vulnerability as a real problem because it does not affect them and may be none in their family are not part of the group. These are people who are unable to defend themselves or take care of themselves and so other people see them as a burden and therefore could try whatever means to avoid them.

Comparing the Three Statues of David Essay -- Donatello Michelangelo

Comparing the Three Statues of David The pieces of art I will be comparing and contrasting are the three statues of David, by Donatello (Donato di Niccolà ² di Betto Bardi), Michelangelo (Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni), and Bernini (Gian Lorenzo Bernini). The statues are modeled after the biblical David, who was destined to become the second king of Israel. Also most famously known as the slayer of the Philistine giant Goliath with a stone and a sling. The sculptures are all based on the same biblical hero, but differ from one another. Each David is unique in its own certain way. A good deal is known about Donatello's life and career, but little is known about his character. Donatello was born in Florence, Italy in 1386 and died in 1466; he was never married and had no children. He was a master of sculpture in bronze and marble and is considered to be one of the greatest Italian Renaissance artists of his time. The first sculpture is of Donatello?s David, 1425-1430. Its material is bronze and stands 5? 2  ¼? and is currently located at Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence. The sculpture is a nude and is contrapposto. The scene being depicted is after the clash with Goliath. Donatello?s statue of David was the first large scale, free-standing nude statue of the Renaissance. The sculpture helps to strike a balance between classicism and the realism by presenting a very real image of a boy in the form of a classical nude figure. Although Donatello was inspir...

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Essay

Hello fellow classmates, today I’m going to inform you on Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Alcohol abuse is due to many factors, including how you were raised, your social environment and your emotional health. American Indians and Native Alaskans are more likely to develop alcohol abuse, also people who have a family history of alcoholism or heavy drinkers are more likely to develop some sort of drinking problem. People who suffer from mental health problems such as anxiety, depression or bipolar disorder are at risk because alcohol may have been used to self-medicate Alcohol abuse effects society in many ways including more people getting divorced, domestic violence problems, unemployment and even living in poverty, also if you have children they are effected the most as they are sensitive and are most likely to suffer from long-lasting emotional trauma because a parent or caretaker is an alcohol abuser Many people experiment with drugs for different reasons. Many people try drugs for the first time because they are curious; think they’re going to have a good time, because everyone around them is doing it including friends, others do it to enhance athletic performance or to ease other problems such as stress, anxiety or depression. Some may think using drugs automatically leads to abuse but it depends on the individual. Drug Abuse isn’t about how much you take or how frequently you take it, it’s about the consequences from taking the drug, if it’s causing problems at home, school, work or even relationships, it’s possible you have a drug abuse problem. Drug abuse affects society in many different ways such as, neglecting your responsibilities at school, work or home, causing problems in your relationships such as fights with your partner, family member or friends We need to change the way Alcohol and Drug abuse affects not only society but the abusers, because it is unfaithful to God’s teachings as he never wanted us to abuse anything in anyway shape or form. God’s love for everyone is so strong and powerful that he doesn’t want you to get hurt because you feel the need to abuse Alcohol and especially Drugs The solution to these problems is depending on there condition. Most abusers can control there use therefore and easy solution for them is moderation, for example setting limits and using there will power, but if that doesn’t work they need to obtain counselling, which will help them with different strategies in coping with all there emotions, but if someone is a social drinker because they have a low self-esteem, they can get psychological help to feel better about themselves so they don’t have to drink So we need to spread the word of god to start decreasing the number of people who abuse drugs and alcohol